Sources & Confidence
The archive is designed to show what is known, how it is known, and where uncertainty remains.
Confidence labels
Directly stated in a strong primary record or supported by converging primary evidence.
Substantial evidence with a meaningful remaining gap.
A plausible lead that is not treated as established genealogy.
A known mismatch, conflation, or earlier interpretation undermined by better evidence.
Source practice
Greatest weight goes to civil registrations, Jewish community registers, contemporary municipal records, gravestones, newspapers, and institutional archival holdings. Scholarly editions and source-cited family histories can support a relationship, while their underlying records are pursued when possible.
Online user trees are treated as leads rather than proof. Original spellings and name variants are preserved. Negative searches and corrected readings remain part of the research history so they are not repeated later.
Corrections are part of the record.
Earlier interpretations are not hidden when better evidence disproves them. They move out of the canonical tree but remain auditable in rejected claims and dead-end records.